Hydrogen peroxide is used in many industries for a variety of purposes, including bleaching, sewage treatment, sterilization, and even as rocket fuel. Because hydrogen peroxide's byproduct is water, it has been lauded as a "green," environmentally friendly chemical, but a closer look at hydrogen peroxide's production process reveals a more complicated story. Problems like the amount of energy used for the production process and mining for the required chemicals have dramatic environmental impacts. As demand increases for hydrogen peroxide globally, researchers are trying to find new ways to produce hydrogen peroxide that are safer and better for the environment.
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Previous research has identified techniques using photocatalysis, the use of light to start a chemical reaction, and hot electrons, which are high-energy electrons that have been charged through visible and infrared light, as alternative solutions to hydrogen peroxide production. Both photocatalysis and hot electrons have been used in green energy alternatives, such as solar power, in the past, but limitations on both processes have prevented them from being implemented for hydrogen peroxide production.
To address some of these limitations, researchers at Shanghai Jiao Tong University found ways to make the hot electrons last longer so that photocatalysis can be used to produce hydrogen peroxide in a safer, cleaner production process.
The findings were published on June 25 in Nano Research.
Paper author Xinhao Li, a professor in the School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering at Shanghai Jiao Tong University, explained some of the limitations of using hot electrons in the production of hydrogen peroxide. "The lifetime of hot electrons, typically on a time scale of 0.4 to 0.3 picoseconds, could not be matched well with the time scale of typical chemical reactions, including the oxygen reduction reaction to hydrogen peroxide. Because of this, it is appealing to develop powerful methods to prolong the lifetime of thermalized hot carriers over cheap photocatalysts for hydrogen peroxide production using only water, air, and solar light," Li said.
The method to maintain the energy of the hot electrons proposed by researchers is straightforward. A heterojunction&#;a combination of two different layers of semiconductors&#;of rutile titanium dioxide and graphene is made to harvest the hot electrons. First researchers explored ways to synthetically produce rutile titanium dioxide quickly and efficiently. It takes 24 hours for the phase transfer process by milling method to convert anatase titanium dioxide to rutile titanium dioxide, but researchers were able to reduce this to 5 minutes.
The combination of rutile titanium dioxide and graphene forms an elevated Schottky barrier, which is essential for prolonging the lifetime of hot electrons. A Schottky barrier forms between a metal and semiconductor and acts as a barrier for electrons. Because the Schottky barrier between rutile titanium dioxide and graphene is high, it facilitates the hot electron injection and prevents the electrons from flowing backwards through the barrier. The elevated barrier is achieved because of the quick phase transfer between anatase titanium dioxide and rutile titanium dioxide. The quick phase transfer and elevated barrier allows for a long fluorescence lifetime and better efficiency, boosting hydrogen peroxide production using visible and near infrared light. Researchers suspect that the graphene/rutile titanium dioxide can be reused for at least six cycles of standard reactions, making it even more efficient for producing hydrogen peroxide.
As for what's next, researchers are looking ahead to how to simplify the process. "In the follow-up work, we hope to develop simpler strategies to optimize the heterostructure of photocatalysis to further improve the utilization of photogenerated hot electrons. This photocatalytic system driven by photogenerated hot electrons on cheap noble-metal-free heterojunctions shows significant potential as a new artificial photosynthesis system," said Li.
More information: Weiyao Hu et al, Rapidly and mildly transferring anatase phase of graphene-activated TiO2 to rutile with elevated Schottky barrier: Facilitating interfacial hot electron injection for Vis-NIR driven photocatalysis, Nano Research (). DOI: 10./s-022--8
Journal information: Nano Research
Provided by Tsinghua University Press
Citation: Improving hydrogen peroxide production through sustainable photocatalysis (, June 28) retrieved 24 June from https://phys.org/news/-06-hydrogen-peroxide-production-sustainable-photocatalysis.html
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It's well known that Hydrogen Peroxide can be used for hair bleaching, but there are a lot of other uses as well.
The Industrial market has long benefited from the implementation of Hydrogen Peroxide based solutions to solve a variety of water, wastewater, and air pollution treatment challenges.
Hydrogen Peroxide is unstable and slowly decomposes in the presence of light. Because of its instability, Hydrogen Peroxide is typically stored with a stabilizer in a weakly acidic solution in a dark coloured bottle. Hydrogen Peroxide is found in biological systems including the human body. Enzymes that use or decompose Hydrogen Peroxide are classified as peroxidases
Your bottle of Hydrogen Peroxide is too valuable to just stay in your first-aid kit. While the inexpensive liquid is known for its medical uses and bleaching hair, it's also a versatile substance that can be used in a host of other ways.
Hydrogen Peroxide (formula H2O2) is a chemical compound that's a combination of hydrogen and water. The clear liquid acts as a mild antiseptic and comes in various potencies depending on its purpose: 3 percent (household use), 6 to 10 percent (hair bleaching), 35 percent (food-grade) and 90 percent (industrial). Most stores carry the 3 percent solution, packaged in a signature brown bottle
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For years, medical professionals recommended using Hydrogen Peroxide to treat minor scrapes and cuts. That's because when it's placed on the skin, it foams, which indicates it's killing bacteria. Today, doctors know Hydrogen Peroxide also kills healthy cells, so many no longer recommend its use for that purpose. It also can be harmful if it gets in your eyes, covers a large area of your skin or is ingested, especially the food-grade Hydrogen Peroxide.
But no worries. Hydrogen Peroxide has many other helpful applications, some of which might be new to you. Here are nine.
Industrial Hydrogen Peroxide is used for bleaching of chemical pulp, mechanical pulp, and recycled pulp (de-inking). Use of industrial Hydrogen Peroxide in pulp & paper bleaching increases brightness levels, improves brightness stability, and reduces manufacturing cost, as it is the only one chemical that is required
Hydrogen Peroxide is used in certain waste-water treatment processes to remove organic impurities. In advanced oxidation processing, the Fenton reaction gives the highly reactive hydroxyl radical (·OH). This degrades organic compounds, including those that are ordinarily robust, such as aromatic or halogenated compounds. It can also oxidize Sulfur based compounds present in the waste; which is beneficial as it generally reduces their odour.
Hydrogen Peroxide may be used for the sterilization of various surfaces, including surgical tools, and may be deployed as a vapour for room sterilization. H2O2 demonstrates broad-spectrum efficacy against viruses, bacteria, yeasts, and bacterial spores.
Now with the Corona Virus its application is soaring.
Hydrogen Peroxide is a highly microbiologically safe reagent. Therefore, it is used as a sterilizing agent for the internal aseptic zones of the manufacturing machines and the surface of the packaging material that will be in contact with the food.
In this field, it finds its use as an oxidizing and a cleaning agent. The production process of printed circuits boards uses Hydrogen Peroxide as an etchant. The manufacturing process of semiconductors uses high-quality electronic grade Hydrogen Peroxide as an oxidizing and cleaning agent.
Hydrogen Peroxide is environmentally and ecologically friendly; hence, it finds use in a variety of applications related to the environment. The process uses hydroxyl radicals to decompose toxic substances. Technological processes also use Hydrogen Peroxide to reduce their negative environmental impact. Soil remediation, when poluted with Hydro Carbons, is often done using H2O2.
In this field, it has found its use as an oxidizing agent. Hydrogen Peroxide has a low molecular weight; it is thus a more efficient oxidizing agent than potassium permanganate or dichromate. It is solvable in several organic solvents including water and the substrate itself.
As we noted earlier, Hydrogen Peroxide kills bacteria, but it also dispatches fungi such as mold and mildew. So grab a spray bottle of hydrogen and spray your bathroom fixtures, floors, walls, humidifier, dehumidifier, even your shower curtain. That fizzy sound will tell you it's working.
Gardeners know one of the best substances for their plants is Hydrogen Peroxide. The all-purpose liquid can help with pest control, prevent infection on damaged trees, kill foliage fungus and combat root rot, as well as improve plant growth. That extra oxygen causes the roots to absorb more nutrients. For pest control or growth, add one teaspoon to one cup of water in a spray bottle and mist the plant. To combat root rot or fungal infections, use one tablespoon per cup of water.
Hydrogen Peroxide is the prime bleaching agent in natural and synthetic fibers treatment, which include wool, linen, cotton, silk, and rayon. It gives the fibers a high degree of brightness while at the same time preserving their mechanical properties.
note: The regular strength Hydrogen Peroxide (3-5 percent) is OK to ingest, but higher strengths (10 percent or more) can be toxic if swallowed.
Hydrogen Peroxyde is dangerous when the vapour is inhaled. The 8 hour TWA limit for H202 is 1 ppm, and the 15 minute STEL is 2 ppm as per UK EH40. Gas detection should be used when handling H2O2 for personal safety.
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