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Iron-oxides are usually formed by precipitation from iron-enriched groundwater. Iron-oxide pigments consist of ferrous or ferric oxides, and impurities such as clay and/or manganese. Natural iron-oxide pigments have been used for centuries as coloring agents. Iron-oxide pigments are valued because they are nontoxic, weather resistant and they do not bleed or fade. The pigments are extracted from a range of ores including hematite, goethite, limonite, siderite, and magnetite. Hematite produces red pigments, limonite and goethite produce yellow and brown pigments, siderite produces brown and red pigments, and magnetite yields black pigments.
Virginia is one of four states actively producing natural iron-oxide pigments. In , approximately 519 tons of natural iron-oxide were reportedly mined and produced from stockpiles in Virginia, making it the fourth largest producer in the United States (Potter, ). Hoover Color Corporation in Hiwassee, Pulaski County, produces ochres, umbers and siennas. Hoover Color also produces iron-oxide pigments from the Painter Mine in Wythe County. Open pit methods are used to mine these natural iron-oxides. The iron-oxides were formed by precipitation from iron-enriched groundwater, near the contact of the Cambrian (543 to 490 million years ago) Erwin Formation with the overlying Cambrian Shady Dolomite. Deposits, associated with gossans formed from weathering of the Cambrian rocks, are concentrated as small bodies or pockets composed of insoluble clay and iron oxide.
Iron-oxide production in Virginia, -.
Selected References:
Gilmer, A. K., Enomoto, C. B., Lovett, J. A., and Spears, D. B., , Mineral and fossil fuel production in Virginia (-): Virginia Division of Mineral Resources Open-File Report 05-04, 77 p.
Potter, Michael J., , Iron-Oxide Pigments: U.S. Geological Survey Minerals Yearbook, p. 41.1-41.3.
Virginia Division of Mineral Resources, , Geologic Map of Virginia: Virginia Division of Mineral Resources, scale 1:500,000.
Rublev Colours black oxide is a dense, opaque, heavy color that is absolutely permanent. It is comparatively cool to neutral in undertone, wets easily, and is non-greasy, when compared to carbon blacks. It is a useful pigment when these qualities are required.
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Pigment Names
Common Names:English: black oxide&#;&#;&#;&#;
Black oxide is a recent development in modern pigments and was unknown in artists' palettes before the nineteenth century.
The source of black oxide usually is from an iron ore called magnetite. Magnetite, also known as lodestone, is a ferrous ferric oxide (ferrosic oxide) that is a heavy, black color and opaque. Theoretically, black iron oxide contains slightly more iron metal than red oxide but not nearly as much as yellow oxide. The native mineral may contain varying amounts of manganese, sulfur, clay and silica.
Black oxide is absolutely permanent colors for all uses on the artist's palette. It is compatible with all other pigments, and can be used with good results in all mediums.
Black oxide absorbs a moderately low amount of oil. The oil absorption ratio is 10&#;15 parts by weight of linseed oil to 100 parts by weight of pigment. If the measurement were grams, it would require 100 grams (by weight) of pigment to grind 10 to 15 grams (by weight) of linseed oil to form a stiff paste. It makes an average drying oil paint, and forms a hard, fairly flexible film.
Black oxide is not considered toxic, but care should be used in handling the dry powder pigment to avoid inhaling the dust.
Rublev Colours Pigment: Black Oxide
Pigment Information
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Color:BlackColour Index:Pigment Black 11 ()Chemical Name:Ferrous ferric oxide produced from magnetiteChemical Formula:Fe3O4ASTM Lightfastness RatingAcrylic:IOil:IWatercolor:IPropertiesDensity:5.15Hardness (Mohs):5.5&#;6.0Refractive Index:n=2.42