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Cement, as a binding material, is a very important building material. Almost every construction work requires cement. Therefore, the composition of cement is a matter of great interest to engineers. For understanding cement composition, one must know the functionality of cement ingredients. By altering the amount of an ingredient during cement production, one can achieve the desired cement quality.
Ingredients of CementThere are eight major ingredients in cement. The following image is showing the ingredients of cement:
The general percentage of these ingredients of which cement is made of is given below:
The main features of these cement ingredients along with their functions and usefulness or harmfulness are given below:
Excess lime makes cement unsound.
The excessive presence of lime causes the cement to expand and disintegrate.
Aluminium oxide
. The chemical formula is Al2O3.Excess alumina weakens the cement.
Excess magnesia will reduce the strength of the cement.
It slows down or retards the setting action of cement.
Excess Sulfur Trioxide causes the cement to unsound.
Excess Alkaline matter causes efflorescence.
Cement is made of different chemical components as discussed above. Cement chemical composition is dependent on the chemical composition of these ingredients. These components have their own chemical formula. There is no specific chemical formula for cement itself.
The followings are the chemical formula for major components of cement.
Ca(OH)&#;
(OH)
2Summary of the article:
By reading this article on cement components, you are now capable to answer the following questions.
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Clinker
what is cement made of
&#;&#;Iron oxide pigment performance and use introduction 1
&#;&#;Foreword Iron oxide pigment is a kind of inorganic color materials with a large quantity and a wide range.It is widely used in building materials,coatings,inks,rubber,plastics,ceramics,glass products,hardware glass polishing,drama oil paint,painting,Cosmetics,drug coloring,photocopying materials,catalysts,electronics industry and magnetic memory materials for audio and video recording.
&#;&#;Iron oxide pigments have excellent general properties of pigments:1.1 Have a high degree of chemical stability and physical fastness:1.1.1 Alkali resistance:for any concentration of alkalis and other types of alkaline substances,especially for construction Commonly used cement,lime mortar,etc.are very stable,and do not pulverize cement building components,nor affect its strength.
&#;&#;1.1.2 Acid resistance:It has certain resistance to general weak acids and dilute acids,but it can also gradually dissolve in strong acids,especially under warm and thick conditions.
&#;&#;1.1.3 Light fastness:the color will not change under strong sunlight.
&#;&#;1.1.4 Heat resistance:It is stable within a certain temperature limit,and the color starts to change when it exceeds its temperature limit.As the temperature increases,the degree of change becomes more significant.The temperature limits of each variety are as follows:Iron yellow over 130&#;gradually changes color to red phase iron oxide red over 300&#;gradually changes color to deep red iron oxide violet over 400&#;gradually changes color to deep red iron oxide black over 100&#;gradually changes color to dark red iron oxide brown over 130&#;gradually It changes color to red phase iron green over 200&#;and gradually changes color to dark red
&#;&#;1.1.5 Weather resistance:not affected by atmospheric cold,heat,dry and wet weather conditions.
&#;&#;1.1.6 Resistant to dirty air:It is very stable in any dirty gas,such as hydrogen sulfide,carbon oxide,sulfur oxide,hydrogen chloride,nitrogen oxide and other gases.1.1.7 Water,oil,and solvent resistance:insoluble in water,various mineral oils,vegetable oils,ethers,esters,ketones,etc.,and other organic solvents,and there is no penetration.
&#;&#;1.2 The iron oxide pigment has a clear color and a unique hue.The color of the iron oxide pigment is very clear and pure,and it does not use other organic or inorganic pigments to add color.Although it is not as bright and eye-catching as some organic pigments or other pigments,the tones of iron oxide pigments have a unique style,and their soft and harmonious tones are pleasing to the eye,suitable for residential,public places,indoor and outdoor coatings.brush.Its solemn tone is especially suitable for luxurious buildings and grand and dignified construction projects.
&#;&#;1.3 Excellent economic effects Iron oxide pigments have high tinting strength,fine and uniform particle size,which guarantees its use value,plus a lower price,guarantees the user's economic effect.
&#;&#;The worldwide sales of iron oxide pigments for coloring are estimated to be 600 to 650,000 tons per year.The construction industry and the coating industry are the most important users.Iron oxide is also used in non-coloring fields,such as ferrite,magnetic memory materials,and chemical catalysts.If all these areas are included,the world's iron oxide demand is close to )tons per year,of which synthetic iron oxide accounts for 70%and natural iron oxide accounts for 30%.The production capacity of the entire iron oxide industry in my country has been nearly 250,000 to 300,000 tons per year in .2 The properties and uses of various iron oxide pigments will be described below.
&#;&#;2.1 Iron oxide pigments for cement and building materials
&#;&#;2.1.1 Features:beautiful color tone and durability,resistance to strong sunlight and climate change,and alkali resistance,mortar resistance,etc.,without damaging the properties of cement.Strong tinting strength,optimum particle fineness and particle structure,and good dispersibility.
&#;&#;2.1.2 Purpose:It is suitable for the coloring of the following building structures and cement products.Various indoor and outdoor colored concrete surfaces and architectural surfaces.Such as walls,floors,floor tiles,roof tiles,panels,sinks,blocks,towers,colored mortar,etc.Colorful surface tiles,ridge tiles.Terrazzo and mosaic tiles are used to decorate indoor and outdoor walls,ground floors,stairs,porches,passages,etc.man made rock.Such as artificial marble,artificial gray stone and so on.Asbestos cement,used to decorate wall panels,floor tiles,roof tiles,window sills,stairs
&#;&#;2.1.3 How to use:The amount of iron oxide pigment in concrete products is limited to 1 to 1 o%.If the upper limit is exceeded,the mechanical strength of the product will decrease.Generally,5 to 8%is appropriate.The absence of lead and zinc oxide will affect the solidification time and solidification strength.Concrete products sometimes need to be at 200.Hot-press curing above C,so black and brown iron oxides that can be converted into iron red at 180°C must be thermally stabilized.If used on terrazzo,the bottom layer is 2 to 3 cm thick and the surface layer is 15 cm thick.
&#;&#;2.1.4 Application:Due to its good weather resistance,alkali resistance,and light resistance,these properties are not compatible with other inorganic or organic pigments.Therefore,iron oxide pigments are used as coatings and colorings in building materials.Such as wall decoration,artificial marble,terrazzo floor and coloring of silicate products.Iron oxide yellow is used for the color cement or concrete roads of the airstrip,the outer wall of the temple,the iron oxide red is used for the surface decoration of the palace walls.2.2 Application in paint
&#;&#;2.2.1 Features:iron oxide pigments are resistant to strong eye exposure,atmospheric influences,resistant to dirty gases(such as hydrogen sulfide,etc.),good alkali resistance,good rust resistance,good corrosion resistance,decoration and identification functions,covering Strong strength and tinting strength.
&#;&#;2.2.2 Purpose:It is suitable for coloring and protecting substances of various paints and paints.Such as alkyd resins,amino alkyd,perchloroethylene resins,polyurethanes,nitro,polyester paints,etc.In addition,it is also suitable for electrophoretic paint.Low paint,enamel paint,pencil paint,blended paint,baking paint,anti-rust paint,floor paint,waterline paint,etc.It can also be used for water-based coatings,powder coatings and plastic coatings.And used in toy paint,decorative paint,furniture paint,house paint,garage paint,parking lot paint,car top paint,etc.
&#;&#;2.3.2 How to use:Generally divided into three steps:wetting,grinding and dispersing(paint mixing).The iron oxide pigment,paint,and filler are mixed in the batching tank to form a coarse color paste,and different grinding equipment is used according to the different viscosity obtained by the added amount of solvent.For example,thick paste can be finely and thinly rolled by a three-roller.The slurry can be ground with an efficient sand mill(vertical or horizontal)or ball mill.The primer is generally around 50 microns,and the top coat is required to be around 40 microns.Then,add resin,dry materials,solvents,etc.to the paint mixing tank for paint dispersion,color matching,viscosity adjustment,etc.,and the final pass.Filter,finished product packaging.
&#;&#;2.2.4 Application:Iron oxide pigment has good weather resistance,high purity,good thermal stability,good compatibility with other components in the application system,can absorb ultraviolet rays,prevent the degradation of the base material,and is low in cost.It can be widely used in paint and paint.Because of its strong hiding power,strong impermeability to ultraviolet rays and low water absorption,it can enhance the mechanical strength of the paint film in the paint film,especially the excellent characteristics in terms of adhesion,other anti-rust pigments For example,the mixed use of red lead,zinc yellow,etc.can enhance the stability and mechanical strength of the paint film.It is now widely used in various outdoor paints,traffic paints,metal anti-rust primers and top paints.Iron oxide pigments used in coatings and paints include iron red,iron yellow,iron brown,iron black,iron green,mica iron oxide,and transparent iron oxide products.Among them,iron red products are the most widely used.Permeable iron is most suitable for automotive finishes,wood coloring,can coatings,and medical packaging coloring.
&#;&#;2.3 Iron oxide pigments for rubber and plastics
&#;&#;2.3.1 Features:beautiful color tone,strong coloring power,high purity,resistance to strong sunlight exposure,resistance to atmospheric influences,resistance to polluted gases and various climate changes.Good alkali resistance and poor acid resistance.The covering power of rubber products is quite large.It reacts in hot sulfuric acid when exposed to sunlight,air,acid and alkali,and does not change when exposed to sulfur or hydrogen sulfide.It has a reinforcing effect and prevents the aging of rubber products!Heat in plastic products Stability requires processing temperature is not critical in the molding process.For asbestos plastic products such as brake pads and brake plates,it can increase the coefficient of friction and reduce friction loss.Economical in use.
&#;&#;2.3.2 Uses:Iron oxide pigments for rubber can be applied to the following various rubber products.Various inner tube products:automobile inner tube,airplane wheel inner tube,bicycle and rickshaw barking tire,etc.Model products:soles,heels,corks,hot water bottles,gloves,spherical tires,rubber tiles,etc.Hard products:chemical materials,insulating materials,battery tanks,medical appliances,stationery products,etc.Others:pipes,belts,leather bags,wires,waterproof raincloths,etc.Iron oxide pigments for plastics are suitable for coloring the following plastic products.Thermosetting plastics:urea-formaldehyde plastics,melamine resin plastics,phenolic plastics,foam plastics,asbestos plastics(brake pads,brake plates,etc.)products.Thermoplastics;polystyrene plastics,polyvinyl chloride plastics(colored films,plastic floors),polyethylene molding compounds,etc.
&#;&#;2.3.3 How to use:How to use iron oxide pigment on rubber:Generally,after washing and refining the raw rubber,use mechanical treatment to make the rubber obtain the necessary plasticity,and then add vulcanizing agent and iron oxide pigment,zinc oxide,calcium carbonate Wait for the filler to control to obtain the raw rubber.Reprocessing and molding various rubber products.How to use iron oxide pigments on plastics:For products used on asbestos plastic brake plates,mix resin,asbestos,and iron oxide pigments together,adjust a certain viscosity with a solvent,knead and dry,and then take the asbestos plastic The iron oxide pigment is used for the coloring of polyvinyl chloride plastics.The method of coloring:firstly mix the iron oxide pigment and plasticizer(dizinc phthalate,etc.)into a thick paste(The dosage is divided into 2:1,1 1.1,l:0.5,etc.according to the oil absorption,put it on a flat roll machine or a three-roll machine for grinding(transparent film and opaque film),and then according to the transparent or opaque film formula Reconcile the components and the color paste evenly until no colored threads,color dots,and glumes are produced.Put this colored polyvinyl chloride paste in a spreader,and evenly spread it on the glass plate,wait for it to stand still,drain and defoam.Put it in a 180°C blower oven for plasticization,take it out and cool it after 10 minutes,and become a colorless or colored polyvinyl chloride film.
&#;&#;2.3.4 Application:In the application of rubber and plastics,iron oxide red that does not contain heavy metal ions such as copper and manganese can be used in aviation tires to prevent rubber aging.Iron oxide pigments have the characteristics of strong tinting power and pure color.They are used as colorants and fillers in PVC plastic floors,PVC colored films,in thermosetting plastics,electric jade powder,bakelite powder,and polyolefins.Thermoplastics can be used:iron oxide pigments such as masterbatches or paste preparations will be more popular in the material industry.Because iron oxide pigments are non-toxic,transparent iron oxide pigments are used abroad for the coloring of plastic beer bottles,medical vials,and food packaging plastics.It is a new type of plastic transferred into pigments.
&#;&#;2.4 Iron oxide for ferrite magnetic materials
&#;&#;2 4.1 Features:high chemical purity,fine and uniform particles,spherical structure,large specific surface area,generally around 10-15 square meters/g,better crystalline honeycomb,strong chemical activity,solid phase The reaction is perfect,with little chemical impurities and soluble salts.It is suitable for other one or more metal element oxides,hydroxides,carbonates or oxalates to form ferrite magnetic materials by solid-phase reaction composite oxides.
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&#;&#;2.4.2 Purpose:The oxides of iron oxide and various other metal elements can be made into different crystalline structures under different reaction conditions to be suitable for various application requirements.Such as soft magnetic ferrite products,permanent magnetic ferrite products,gyromagnetic ferrite products,short magnetic ferrite products,and piezoelectric ferrite products.
&#;&#;2.4.3 How to use:Put iron oxide and one or more other metal element oxides,hydroxides,carbonates,oxalates,etc.in a ball mill according to a certain proportion,and mix and grind them.Take it out and dry it,and then put it in a high-temperature furnace 700-900.Heat and pre-fire at C,then grind the pre-fired powder into a pressure mill to form,then move it to 11 00~&#;for roasting and heat treatment,etc.,after fine processing,it will become a ferrite product.
&#;&#;2.4.4 Application:The application of iron oxide in the electronics industry.The iron oxide powder has the characteristics of fine and uniform iron oxide,large specific surface area,which can reach 10-15 square meters/g,and strong chemical activity.It is ferrite.One of the important raw materials for bulk magnetic materials,ferrite composed of iron oxide combined with metal elements such as manganese,zinc,nickel,magnesium,has a spinel crystal structure,and is widely used in various magnets and microwaves.For magnetic iron oxide-magnetic powder,it has good chemical and thermal stability,and excellent performance in coercivity tape loops.It has been widely used in various types of tapes,computers,memory materials,magnetic plastics and Y-Fe:03 in products such as flaw detection magnetic powder,it is a spinel-type needle-like crystal structure of iron oxide,plus its sub-micron particle size,is a good material for making audio and video tapes.Because of the needle-shaped particles,better orientation can be obtained after applying a magnetic field during the coating process,which is the main key material for magnetic recording materials.It can be used for sound recording,video tape,instrument tape,other such as magnetic plastic,TV tuning center pole piece,convergent piece,etc.,as well as surface flaw detection of steel parts.At present,the domestically produced varieties include spherical magnetic powder for flaw detection,high-efficiency magnetic powder for magnetic plastics,needle-shaped magnetic powder for audio tapes,cobalt-infiltrated magnetic powder for video tapes,and micro-particle magnetic powders for instrument measuring tapes.
&#;&#;2.5 Iron oxide for metal flaw detection
&#;&#;2.5.1 Performance:Iron oxide(magnetic iron oxide)used for metal flaw detection has the following characteristics;it has a uniform cheek grain structure including magnetism.
&#;&#;2.5.2 Purpose:used to inspect various ferrous metal materials,peach machinery and various magnetic parts(using its ferromagnetism to check various steel materials for cracks,blisters,and ballasts).Turn over the rough crack pattern to avoid various accidents.It is used for the inspection of steel,steel,and steel:{car parts,chisel shafts,gears,automobile and aircraft parts and other products.
&#;&#;2.5.3 How to use:Magnetic powder is used in flaw detection to make liquid material.The method is to make magnetic powder slurry with kerosene(1:1).In the preparation process,the magnetic powder particles must be processed into the suspension state in the solution.Therefore,first use a small amount of kerosene to carefully mash the magnetic powder into a paste,and then dilute the mixture to contain 3.5_4.5 kg of magnetic powder per liter..
&#;&#;2.6 Iron oxide for polishing glass products and glass hardware
&#;&#;2.6.1 Features:used for glass products,glass and hardware.The characteristics of iron oxide for polishing products are:suitable particle fineness and particle structure,good polishing ability and smoothness,and excellent particle hardness.The iron oxide pigment used for glassware must have a chlorine content of less than 0.1%,and the content of less than 0.1%is more suitable..
&#;&#;2.6.2 Uses:glass products,flat glass(float process production),optical glass.Polishing of glass products;flat glass,spectacle lenses,optical lenses,watch glass,glass magnesium products,flat plexiglass,etc.Polishing of hardware parts:instruments,medical devices,daily necessities,textile parts and products,steel needles,flashlights,pen tips,pen tubes.Gold and silver products,etc.Other aspects:various polishing paste products.
&#;&#;2.7 Iron oxide for chemical catalyst
&#;&#;2.7.1 Features:Iron oxide used for chemical catalyst reactions has:fine and uniform molecular particles,large specific surface area,strong catalytic activity,less chemical impurities and soluble salts,good activation and high conversion rate.Iron oxide catalysts are all activated or promoted.The addition of accelerators such as K,Cr,Pb,etc.is the cornerstone of modern fertilizer,petroleum refining and basic chemical industries.
&#;&#;2.7.2 Uses:Used in hydrogenation,dehydrogenation,ammonia synthesis,gas desulfurization,and H_CO synthesis of hydrocarbons.Such as styrene deargon catalyst,isoamylene deargon to produce isoprene iron catalyst.
&#;&#;2.7.3 How to use:Mix iron oxide with potassium carbonate and chromium chloride and then ball mill it into a spherical shape(add activator or accelerator),dry and then pass 900.C is calcined to produce potassium ferrite with loose molecules and large pores.The composition of the styrene dehydrogenation catalyst is as follows:iron oxide:83%,chromium oxide:3%,potassium oxide:9%.Specific surface area:1&#;3 square meters/g.Accelerator:4%.Due to the side effects of chromium in industrial production,a new type of styrene dehydrogenation catalyst has recently been developed abroad.The composition is as follows:iron oxide:82%,potassium oxide:10%,cerium oxide:2%,chromium oxide:1%,Cobalt oxide.0.3%,vanadium,tungsten:1.5 The iron oxide catalyst is a small tonnage product,but it is a high-tech product with a higher price.For gas desulfurization and H.The research on iron oxide catalysts for CO synthesis of hydrocarbons is the primary problem that the world must solve when coal is used to replace petroleum resources.
&#;&#;2.8 Iron oxide pigments used in food,medicine,cosmetics and cosmetic oil coloring
&#;&#;2.8.1 Features:stable performance,non-toxic,odorless,tasteless,not absorbed by the human body,no side effects,unlimited dosage,no oil permeability,no damage to the skin,color unchanged for a long time,can be stored for a long time,and suitable for medicine The Health Pharmacopoeia requires that arsenic salt is less than 15PPM,cobalt salt is less than 30PPM,and barium salt is negative.The US Food and Drug Administration stipulates that synthetic products must be used,and the cobalt content must be less than 10PPM,the mercury content is less than 3PPM,the arsenic content is less than 3PPM,and the antimony content is less than 2PPM.The content of various heavy metals is strictly controlled.
&#;&#;2.8.2 Purpose:Ideal colorant for Chinese and Western medicine,pills and capsules is an excellent pigment for identifying medicines.It can be used for Rendan,Luobuma Tablets,Maitong,Compound Jiangyaling,Ganning Tablets,Vitamin Ei Liuying Pills,Nourishing Blood and Anshen,Ferrous Sulfate Tablets.Coloring agents for various cosmetics:such as soap,nail polish,facial oil,skin cream,cosmetic pen,lipstick,etc.and cigarette paper.Used in cosmetic oil paints and paints and pet feed additives.
&#;&#;2.8.3 Application:In terms of chemical stability,iron oxide is an ideal pigment for cosmetics.The pigment is relatively easy to disperse,insoluble in water,alkali and organic solvents,with colors ranging from yellow,red to black,and brown,with rich hue.Iron oxide does not transmit light and has a strong hiding power.The only drawback is that the color is not bright enough.Yellow and black pigments are easy to change color at about 150 to 200&#;.When producing iron oxide for cosmetics,the raw materials must be refined to remove As,Pb and other harmful impurities to the skin,and require high purity.The US FDA requirements have been mentioned above,while the EU requirements are more specific:water soluble matter:<1.0%,As<3PPM,Ba<50PPM,Z50PPM,Cr<100PPM,Pb<10PPM,Cd<1 OPPM',Cu<Hg<1PPM,Ni<200PPM,n<1 0 oP PM This type of product is a high value-added product with high benefits.
&#;&#;2.9.1 Features:Organic pigments have the properties of bright colors and strong coloring power.Due to the hydrophilic characteristics of inorganic pigments,the color tone is beautiful and durable.Non-toxic,light resistance level 7,heat resistance 200.C,stable weather resistance.It has strong hiding power,and its tinting power is 5&#;10 times higher than chromium oxide green.The texture is soft and easy to wet and disperse.The price is cheaper than chrome oxide green.
&#;&#;2.9.2 Uses hinder the coloring of various building structures and cement products.Various indoor and outdoor colored concrete surfaces and architectural surfaces.Such as walls,floors,plots,ceilings,pillars,porches,stairs,streets,bus stations,parking lots,stations,etc.Various colored concrete parts and building materials.Such as bricks,face tiles,floor tiles,roof tiles,panels,sinks,concrete towers,etc.Terrazzo and mosaic tiles.For example,it is used to decorate wall panels,ground floors,step sinks,corridors,passages,etc.Artificial stone:such as artificial marble,artificial grey stone and so on.Asbestos cement:For example,it is used to decorate wall stone panels,floor tiles,roof tiles,window sills,steps,steps,boxes,etc.Used for coloring of rubber and plastic products.Used for model products:such as shoe soles,heels,corks,hot water bottles,spherical tires,etc.Various inner tube products:such as inner tubes of bicycles and rickshaws.Tubes,waterproof plastic raincloths,etc.PVC floor,colored film,plastic cloth,etc.Used for the coloring of paints:such as electrophoretic paint,mixed paint,floor paint,etc.
&#;&#;2.10 Transparent iron oxide pigment
&#;&#;2.10.1 Features:Transparent iron oxide has good light resistance,heat resistance,weather resistance and chemical resistance.The molecular particles are fine,have greater light scattering ability,have unique transparency,can strongly absorb ultraviolet rays,and have good shielding performance.Bright and pure color,good dispersion.The particle size is small and the specific surface area is large.
&#;&#;2.10.2 Uses:used in paint.Such as car top paint,metal finish paint,acrylic flash paint.Wood paint and wood coloring in furniture coatings.Polyvinyl chloride agricultural colored film and polyethylene molded products can withstand temperatures of 80-200&#;.Coloring,transparency and UV protection of can coatings and medical packaging containers.Advanced oil painting paint.Matte ink,advertising paper sticker pigment,screen printing ink.Coin ticket printing.Coloring of municipal and building materials products.
&#;&#;2.1 1 Iron oxide pigment for color picture tube red
&#;&#;2.11.1 Features:After being coated on red phosphor,it can improve the vividness of red light and prolong the service life,so that the contrast of red phosphor is good and the brightness loss is less.The grain size and uniformity of the glumes reach the level of similar products in Japan,and the reflectivity is low at 550n'm in the short wave part,at 620rim.The long wave part is high and meets the user's requirements.
&#;&#;2.11.2 is used for the coloring of red phosphors in color picture tubes.
&#;&#;2.12 Iron oxide for chemical reagents
&#;&#;2.12.1 Physical properties:It has suitable particle size and structure,high chemical purity,low chemical impurities and soluble salts.Has excellent particle hardness.
&#;&#;2.12.2 Purpose:Analysis and testing of various chemical reagents.Ferrite magnetic materials in the electronics industry.Iron catalyst in chemical reactions.Polishing of high-grade glass products and glass and hardware products.Coloring,lining and anti-aging agent for rubber products.
&#;&#;2.13 copier powder 2.13.1 characteristics:two functions:one is as a toner,the other is as a transfer carrier.There are strict requirements for particle shape,particle size,and magnetic strength.The following table is the performance index of a typical Fe3 04 sample.This type of iron oxide needs to be surface treated with cobaltate,silane,zirconium and aluminum compounds or polymers.Coercivity:Hc80&#;l ooo,wavelength:Sigmass0&#;90nmma/gm,particle shape is spherical,particle size is o.2&#;0.5",oil absorption of 20&#;30ral/100gin,specific surface area of&#;&#;7&#;11m./gm,pH=6&#;8,water-soluble salt<0.15%,false specific gravity:o&#;5&#;0&#;7g/ml,bulk density:1.0&#;1.4g/mlo 2.l 3.2 Purpose:Used in copying materials.With the development of modern communication and office facilities,the amount is expanding,and it is estimated to be consumed in the world It is 15,000 tons/year.
&#;&#;2.14 Magnetic ink feature identification material
&#;&#;2.14.1 Feature:Using the coordination and adjustment of Fe304,the voltage wave of a certain power generator is modulated into a certain characteristic curve,which corresponds to a certain printed character,which has an anti-counterfeiting effect.The characteristic curve is modulated and determined by the bank.
&#;&#;2.1 4.2 Purpose:Used for screen printing ink,with black brown,dark red,dark green and other color spectrum,printed on bank checks,stamps,and information cards with magnetic marks to play a confidential role.Printed on securities,banknotes,and various important documents such as passports can identify authenticity,prevent counterfeiting,and play a role in stabilizing the market and social security.The characters that require anti-counterfeiting printing in the US market are not limited to o,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 printed on bank checks,and sometimes even the entire 26 letters need to be printed.The application range of magnetic(Fe.O.)ink feature identification materials will also become wider and wider.In ,the consumption has reached 30,000 to 40,000 t/a,and there is a trend of increasing.
&#;&#;2.1 5 Iron oxide pigments for ceramics
&#;&#;2.1 5.1 Features:Iron oxide pigments have excellent coloring properties.The coloring properties of iron oxide are mainly used in ceramics to configure various colors of glaze water.Due to the different price points of iron ions,iron oxides themselves appear different color.In addition to the multi-colored iron oxide itself,when iron oxide is added to other glazes,the glaze tone becomes richer and brighter.In addition,in the manufacturing process of ceramics(glaze),different firing atmospheres are used,and the color of iron oxide is also different.In an oxidizing flame atmosphere,the coloring of iron oxide changes from yellow to reddish brown,and then becomes grape red.brown.In a reducing atmosphere,it shows blue to dark gray changes,and these changes are Fe in the glaze layer.&#;And Fe.+The result of mutual transformation of dynamic balance.
&#;&#;2.15.2 Purposes are used in the seven categories of architectural ceramics,sanitary ceramics,garden glass ceramics,art ceramics,daily-use ceramics,industrial ceramics,and special ceramics.
&#;&#;2.15.3 Application:The application of iron oxide as a raw material for the body:mainly used in building ceramics for wall and floor tiles,imitation granite,unglazed porcelain tiles,and purple sand pottery products.Application of iron oxide in ceramic color glaze:It is mainly used to compound various color glaze water.Such as celadon glaze,rabbit millet glaze,oil drip glaze,star zhan tortoise glaze,tea powder glaze,.Rusting and spot glaze:.::Iron red flower glaze,etc.The quality requirements of the ceramic foundation for synthetic iron oxide pigments.The hue is stable and 0 play.I sub-particle size should be uniform.Fe203 content should be high and soluble salt content should be less.The density should be relatively stable.The less mechanical impurities such as sage grains,iron filings,etc.,the better,the color trend is developing from dark to light,and the color should be bright.
&#;&#;2.16 Mica iron oxide pigment
&#;&#;2.16.1 Features:It has a hexagonal crystal structure like fish scales and has good chemical inertness.A flat laminated layer can be formed in the paint film,and the F column is oriented to form a shielding layer,which can strictly prevent the penetration of water vapor and corrosive substances,and slow down the influence of the atmosphere on the paint film.It has the characteristics of reflecting external light,and at the same time,it can absorb the damaging effect of ultraviolet rays below 550nm(nanomicron)on the paint film.Concave and convex surfaces can be formed in the paint film to improve the adhesion of the secondary coating,and prevent the solvent from affecting the paint film from causing defects such as decreased adhesion,blistering,and shrinkage,maintaining the integrity of the paint film and being non-toxic&#;The synthetic product can control the content not less than 85%,the soluble content is low,and the particle size is uniform.
&#;&#;2.16.2 Purpose:used in railway bridges,cable-stayed bridges,power transmission towers,.Topcoat and primer for steel structures of lighting towers.For large structures with long painting period.
&#;&#;2.L6.3 Application:The anti-corrosion effect in steel structure has long been recognized by the maintenance effect of the Eiffel Tower in France.As early as the s,domestic anti-corrosion paint for mica was produced by trial cutting,but mainly natural mica iron oxide was used.Both synthetic and natural cloud iron abroad have achieved industrial production.United Kingdom.Japan is mainly synthetic products,while Austria uses abundant mineral deposits to produce natural products.Domestic natural products are produced in Anhui and other places,and iron anticorrosive paint products are produced in Tianjin and Shanghai.
&#;&#;3.Some other uses.Iron oxide pigments are also used in pastels,colored matches,leather coloring paints.4.The development of multi-variety and multi-brands.Iron oxide pigments are widely used,from concrete coloring to being used as transparent pigments in high-end car paints.From primer level to food level,the end-use grades vary greatly.Therefore,iron oxide is implemented.Multi-variety and multi-brand production must be targeted to meet the performance and economic needs of various users.4.1 Common iron oxide pigments International Organization for Standardization and my country's national standards have established relevant standards,and iron oxide pigments are divided into four series according to pigments,namely red,yellow,brown and black.Major foreign companies produce iron oxide pigments under many brand names,and domestic manufacturers have their own corporate standards.Basically,they tend to have many varieties and grades of iron oxide pigments.
&#;&#;4.2 Micronized iron oxide pigment The synthetic iron oxide or natural iron oxide is pulverized to a fineness of less than 5 m with ultra-fine grinding equipment,which is called fine iron oxide.For the synthesis of iron oxide,it is actually a disintegration process designed to break up aggregates and agglomerates.Because the fine iron oxide can increase the coloring power by 5%without changing the hue condition,it is easy to disperse,the paint film has high gloss,and prevents precipitation,floating and blooming in the application system,so it has been widely used in foreign countries and is commercialized by Bayer.Almost all iron red,most iron yellow,and some iron black.According to the needs,in the process of fine grinding,a certain amount of surfactants(dispersants,anti-settling agents,dispersion stabilizers,etc.)should be added to the iron oxide.It is one of the methods to make easily dispersible iron oxide pigments.Dispersion grade iron oxide refers to iron oxide whose dispersibility can reach the Hegman fineness reading 7.0.The dispersibility of iron oxide pigments depends not only on the manufacturing process but also on post-processing(drying,classification,crushing,etc.).Because the crystal particles are all wrapped in the dispersant and the anti-precipitation agent,the dispersion effect is good,and the pigment precipitation is solved.
&#;&#;4.3 Transparent iron oxide pigments There are four colors of transparent iron oxide pigments:red,yellow,black,and brown.Each color can be subdivided into several grades.They are all produced by precipitation method.The primary particles are very Fine,(0&#;01&#;0.0Gadolinium m'-)has no scattering power on visible light waves.Therefore,it has no hiding power and is in a transparent state.In addition,it has:obvious ability to absorb 1 ultraviolet light.It is used in wood coloring and car surface gilding,volume,and sculpturing.
&#;&#;4.4 Heat-resistant grade iron oxide pigments In general use,the heat resistance of iron oxide red is not a problem,but the general iron oxide yellow,iron black and iron brown contain crystal water(iron yellow)FeO(iron Black),crystal water(iron brown),dehydration or oxidation at 1 770C,and discoloration,so it cannot be used in plastics,rubber and baking coatings that need to be processed at higher temperatures.Large foreign companies produce The heat-resistant grade iron oxide mainly uses Fe in the nucleus type,such as Bayer's heat-resistant iron yellow,and the use of iron,zinc,and silicon to partially replace the lattice cluster seam plastic earth sewer is zinc ferrite pigment.Suitable for plastics and paints resistant to a certain temperature(silicone coatings,urethane resin 4.5 anti-flocculation iron oxide with Al:O,and or SiO z-coated iron oxide pigments.It is called anti-flocculation iron oxide.This kind of iron oxide is particularly suitable for coatings.Coated iron oxide is the development direction of iron oxide pigments.It is considered to be a new generation of iron oxide pigments for coatings.Its representative is the 120FS and 1 30FS that Bayer has launched on the market in recent years.It uses A-Si02 Coated,FS means anti-coagulation.Because it is easy to disperse and has good anti-flocculation,the stability of the dispersion is high,the gloss of the coating film is improved,and the fogging is small.It is especially suitable for automotive coatings,automotive repair paints,and coils.Coatings,industrial coatings,various color pastes and gloss latex pastes.
&#;&#;4.6 Iron oxide with good flowability without dust This is a company of Bayer in the United States-Myers Company produces and sells synthetic iron oxide with good flowability and no dust in the United States.It is mainly used for dispersion in colored concrete products.rapid.Any color varieties such as brown,orange,brownish yellow,earthy,beige are available.
&#;&#;4.7 Iron oxide yellow modern iron oxide pigments with low oil absorption are increasingly supplied in the form of paste(pre-dispersion).In order to reduce manufacturing and transportation costs and save energy for users,modern pigment pre-dispersion The pigment concentration is getting higher and higher,which requires the pigment to have a very low oil absorption(oily color paste)and water absorption(water absorption color paste).The spherical particles of iron red,iron black and iron palm are made of low oil absorption.Variety is not a big problem,but the acicular iron yellow generally has a high oil absorption and water absorption,which is very unfavorable for the preparation of high-concentration pre-dispersions.In order to overcome this_==evil.Manufacturers in argon countries all produce iron yellow with low oil absorption.The needle-shaped iron yellow is mechanically treated to reduce oil absorption by about 40%.Bayer's low oil absorption of 9.5,which is also 0c-FeOOH,is The production process is controlled to form high-strength spherical needle-like aggregates.In addition to being suitable for the manufacture of high-concentration color pastes for coatings and plastics,there is also no needle-like iron yellow in coatings and cast plastic films,which tend to form filaments.Striated.
&#;&#;4.8 Anti-rust type iron oxides,except for mica iron oxide,general synthetic iron oxides are not anti-rust pigments,but some ferrites developed in recent years can be used as anti-rust pigments.Bayer's zinc ferrite has been introduced in recent years.Known as a cobalt-free and chromium-free anti-rust pigment,it is mainly used as an anti-rust pigment where cobalt and chromium cannot be contained.
&#;&#;4.9 Composite and mixed iron oxides The current worldwide shortage of ferrous iron resources(especially the CIS)requires effective reduction of the basic material Fe of iron oxide pigments.O.The former Soviet Union experts developed the iron barium red production process and realized industrial production.This process is essentially the reaction of ferrous sulfate and barium hydroxide to produce Fe.O 3&#;BaS04 composite pigment,in which Fe 2 03>40%,hiding power<15g/m2.An iron-calcium yellow pigment has also been developed,which has formed a production capacity of t/a.It develops and utilizes pickling liquid FeSO.Alkaline synthesis in the presence of seed crystals.This iron-calcium yellow is bright yellow and can be used for exterior wall coatings.There are also large-scale production of iron oxide pigments mixed with natural iron oxide and synthetic iron oxide in foreign countries.For example,the Holly&Sons subsidiary in the United Kingdom can produce 8 brands of varieties,and there are also organic products produced abroad with 5%organic red pigments.An inorganic mixed iron red.
&#;&#;4.10 Special iron oxides All iron oxides except colored iron oxide should belong to special iron oxides,but they are only used in fine products,so iron oxides that have high requirements for their quality and performance are special oxides.iron.Such as pet food grade(feed grade),cosmetic grade,pharmaceutical grade,cigarette paper grade,electronic grade,magnetic recording material grade,etc.(the amount is not large,but the added value is high.Special iron oxide varieties include iron red,iron yellow,Iron brown,iron black.
&#;&#;4.11 Mica iron pearlescent pigment.The mica iron pearlescent pigment belongs to the nucleated iron oxide,which is golden and golden red with high value.However,the amount of this expensive pigment is very small,and it is mainly used for high-grade car top paints with different colors(for angular gloss and angular color)and other high-end uses.It is formed by depositing a layer of transparent iron oxide red on the mica sheet with a ferrous salt solution by special means.Many foreign pearlescent pigment manufacturers produce Fe:0.One TiO:one mica and Fe20,one cloud series of pearlescent pigments.
&#;&#;In the international market,the largest consumption sectors of iron oxide are the construction industry and the coatings industry,which account for 60 to 70%of the total consumption.The rise and fall of these two industries and changes in demand directly contribute to the consumption status of the iron oxide market.Both the existing market and the potential market are mainly controlled by the demand for colored building materials.Foreign iron oxide pigments have always been known for their variety and composition,and constantly develop new varieties according to market and customer requirements to maintain their leading position in the competition.In foreign countries,although no new iron oxide products with novel chemical structures have been created for many years,they have basically mastered the production rules of pigments,and developed a variety of different types by controlling the particle size,particle size distribution,sub-shape,and various surface treatment technologies.Performance of new products.The most important feature of the foreign iron oxide industry is its high degree of monopoly.Whether it is production,operation,or variety,it is controlled by a few groups,countries and regions.Therefore,it is extremely competitive in the international market,followed by product quality and design,which can fully meet the requirements of different industries.In the development and innovation work for many years,it has strong vitality.Due to the non-toxic nature of iron oxide pigments,it is more likely to replace toxic inorganic pigments.As iron oxide pigments enter the 21st century,they still occupy a large pigment market.In the future,iron oxide will still focus on the development of easy-dispersing,heat-resistant and various functional products,such as iron oxide powder or paste products that can be easily dispersed in concrete slurry to meet the needs of the construction industry,and transparent iron oxide for the automotive industry and wood coloring Paste product to overcome the shortcomings of difficulty in dispersion of fine transparent iron oxide.Iron oxide pigments that require heat resistance,such as the plastics industry,coil coatings and powder coatings,are also the focus of continued development.The development of functional iron oxide pigments such as mica iron oxide pearlescent pigments(core-clad type),magnetic iron oxide,adhesion and other industry development will expand the varieties of functional iron oxides,the finer products of iron oxide pigments and the further development of corresponding technologies,Can make iron oxide pigments be used in more demanding occasions,which can increase the added value of iron oxide pigments.Maintaining the quality of the original products is also an area that the iron oxide industry should always pay attention to.Only the areas that have always been paid attention to,and only consistent excellent quality can maintain the long-term market share.Our domestic iron oxide industry is a part of the global iron oxide industry.To enter the international market,to be in line with international standards,we must work together to give full play to the collective strength of the industry.The future of the iron oxide industry is bright,but there is a long way to go.The industry must continue to grow and develop.
&#;&#;Analysis of the current overall development of China's magnetic materials industry.At present,China has 1,096 magnetic material manufacturers and related companies,including 359 ferrite manufacturers,226 rare earth magnets and metal magnets,and the rest are ancillary equipment manufacturers and auxiliary companies.Raw material production enterprises.There are 197 permanent ferrite manufacturers with an output of 410,000 tons(36 tons of sintered magnets and 50,000 tons of bonded magnets),and 162 soft ferrite manufacturers with an output of 300,000 tons(260,000 tons of manganese,zinc,and nickel).40,000 tons of zinc and magnesium zinc),40,000 tons of neodymium iron boron magnets,and 3,500 tons of aluminum nickel cobalt metal magnets.The above data includes foreign-funded enterprises in China.China's ferrite industry basically maintains a growth rate of more than 20%,doubling its output every five years on average.In the 21st century,the growth rate of China's bonded permanent ferrites has accelerated,and the output now reaches 50,000 tons,except for the original traditional isotropic bonded permanent ferrites,such as refrigerator door seal magnetic strips and kinescope focusing magnetic rings In addition to the growth of slices,anisotropic bonded permanent ferrites,such as magnets used in micro-motors and thin paper advertising patch magnets,have increased.At present,isotropic magnets account for 60%of bonded permanent ferrite magnets,and their magnetic energy product is between 0.7 and 1.0 MGOe,and anisotropic magnets account for 40%,and their magnetic energy product is between 1.4 and 1.6 MGOe.They are mainly used in various types Of micro motors.In recent years,the product quality and grade of ferrite magnets in China have been greatly improved,and basically can produce products of various grades and standards of TDK Corporation in Japan.The permanent magnet performance of sintered ferrite produced with iron scale as raw material reaches FB4B,and the performance of magnet produced with iron oxide as raw material reaches FB5 and FB6.The performance of manganese-zinc soft ferrite power materials generally reaches PC30-PC40,a few can produce PC44,PC50 and other brands of products;high permeability materials generally reach μi,and a few can produce materials with 12,000 to 15,000.Currently,permanent ferrite products account for 42%of applications in high-tech fields,such as home appliances(microwave ovens,air conditioners,electric small appliances),office supplies(copiers,fax machines),automobiles,motorcycles,high-fidelity audio,and instrument sensor components.The application of traditional middle and low-end products accounted for 58%,such as speakers,adsorption magnets,toy motors,and magnetic separation devices.Now soft ferrite products,high-tech applications account for 22%,such as digital communications,electromagnetic compatibility(EMC),radio frequency broadband,anti-electromagnetic interference(EMI),high-definition displays,and automotive electronics.Traditional middle and low-end products account for 78%of applications,such as televisions,power adapters,electronic ballasts,ordinary switching power supply transformers,and antenna rods.The current application situation of neodymium iron boron magnets in China is as follows.The application of high-tech products accounts for 37%,such as MRI,mobile vibration,hard disk drive voice coil(VCM),optical disk(DVD,CD-ROM)drive spindle,Power tools,electric cars.The application of traditional middle and low-end products accounted for 63%,such as audio devices,magnetic adsorption devices,magnetic separators,and magnetizers.On the whole,the performance of China's ferrite magnets is still in the middle and low grades.Although the output ranks first in the world,the output value is not ideal.At present,the total output value of magnetic materials in China is about 26.5 billion yuan,the output value of permanent ferrite is 6.2 billion yuan,and the average price is 15,000 yuan/ton;the output value of soft ferrite is 9.3 billion yuan,the average price is 31,000 yuan/ton,and the remaining samarium cobalt Magnets,neodymium iron boron magnets and metal magnets account for 11 billion yuan in the market.In ,China exported 230,000 tons of various magnets,with an export value of only 860 million US dollars;imported 69,000 tons of various magnets,while the import value reached 570 million US dollars.The import and export volume and amount of magnetic materials from China's customs statistics can also reflect that China's magnet prices are far lower than international prices.The problem of raw materials needed for Chinese magnetic materials.About 70%of China's permanent ferrite manufacturers use iron scales as raw materials.This is a major feature.Because iron scales are used instead of iron oxide,the cost of raw materials is reduced by 30%,which is very competitive.Of course,the products produced are basically middle and low-end products,but through the efforts of Chinese scientific and technical personnel,the product performance is stable at Y30H-3(China's permanent ferrite standard),which is equivalent to the FB4B level of TDK in Japan.In recent years,due to the increase in the output of high-grade permanent ferrite magnets,there has been a shortage of iron oxide raw materials,and about 30,000 tons of iron oxide have to be imported from abroad.The raw materials used for soft ferrite are mainly iron oxide,trimanganese tetroxide,magnesium oxide,nickel oxide and zinc oxide.The quality and output of China's trimanganese tetroxide can not only meet the domestic demand for soft ferrite,but also export;magnesium oxide,nickel oxide and zinc oxide auxiliary materials can also meet the development needs of China's soft ferrite.However,iron oxide,the main raw material for soft ferrite,which accounts for 70%,cannot meet the growing demand for soft ferrite in China in terms of quality and quantity,and needs to be imported.The problem now is that with the development of China's steel industry,iron oxide raw materials are not a restrictive factor.The biggest problem is the rising prices of auxiliary raw materials such as manganese,zinc,nickel and rare earth neodymium,which restrict the development of magnetic materials.
&#;&#;China's magnet development analysis.China's magnetic material industry will have a stable development period with its abundant resources and labor advantages,as well as huge domestic and foreign market support.Today,the production of magnetic material magnets is mainly concentrated in Asia,Japan mainly uses high-end magnets;China uses medium and low-end magnets as the main body,and divides part of the high-end product market;other Southeast Asian countries divides part of the middle and low-end product market.As China has a good complete machine supporting market and investment environment,it has accelerated the transfer of ferrite magnet manufacturing in Japan,Europe and the United States to China.
&#;&#;It is predicted that by ,China's ferrite magnet output will exceed 60%of the global output,and NdFeB magnets will account for 80%of the global output.Now,1)China's core magnetic material production enterprise has been formed,and the output and output value of the enterprise are both in the forefront of the world.2)China also has more than 20 colleges and universities that offer magnetics majors and business research and development centers,and the quality of products is constantly improving.3)China's magnetic material magnet manufacturing equipment has been continuously improved in terms of automation,efficiency and performance.
&#;&#;The biggest problem in China's magnetic material industry
&#;&#;1,capital and knowledge are out of touch.There are now many companies with capital.According to statistics,nearly 30 listed companies have joined the magnetic materials industry.Some listed companies in the field of non-magnetic materials rely solely on capital investment and lack cooperation with research institutes and enterprises with certain technologies.The effect of doing it alone is not satisfactory.
&#;&#;2.Insufficient investment in science and technology.Some large domestic enterprises have less investment in science and technology and have no consideration for technological innovation.Foreign companies invest about 5%of their total profits in technology development.
&#;&#;3,there is a lack of joint development with downstream products.Since China's complete machine development follows the foreign market and rarely communicates with magnetic companies,the magnetic industry is always in a passive position in the use of complete machines.
&#;&#;4.There are too many magnetic material companies in China,and emerging companies can only rely on lowering prices to occupy the market,which is endless like a snowball.In addition,China's market competition has no rules of the game and no self-regulation mechanism.
&#;&#;In short,the future is bright.In the 21st century,the international magnetic materials center is transferred to China,and China will become the world's largest magnetic material production base and magnetic material sales market.All enterprises should formulate their own tactics in accordance with the development strategy of China's magnetic materials,from small to large,from large to strong,from domestic to international,step by step to realize their grand ideals.We firmly believe that:Chinese magnetic materials companies will be international giants.