Research has found that there have been approximately 139m metric tons of single-use plastic waste in the year 2021. This disposable plastic is utilised in day-to-day life and it is estimated that around 50.1% is utilised just once and then thrown away.
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The beverages sector has already been re-shaped by increasing corporate and consumer consciousness of environmental, social and governance (ESG) issues around packaging. Now, amidst a raft of new regulations, those who get ahead of the curve may find new opportunities. Brands are increasingly using packaging as a means of addressing ESG concerns and communicating with consumers. Access GlobalData’s new whitepaper, ESG in Packaging, to examine the challenges faced by companies, and understand how adapting to regulation around packaging, as well as appealing to ESG-conscious consumers, presents opportunities. The white paper covers:Zero in on how the industry operates in the EU and USA, exploring conclusions that remain relevant for other markets too, including Brazil, Canada, Russia and Turkey.
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Scientists are putting tremendous effort into finding a sustainable solution. The first known bioplastic PHB, polyhydroxy butyrate, was first discovered in 1926 by Maurice Lemoigne. There has since been a rising interest in the use of biodegradable films. Consciousness about the environment has also accelerated the usage of films.
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Recent innovations in film manufacturing include Dow and Klöckner Pentaplast‘s recyclable vacuum film and Berry Global’s form-fill-seal film for powdered products.
Biodegradable films consist of additives with plastic as a component. The benefit of adding these enzymes is that they enable the plastic to break down. The plastic can be decomposed by the addition of living organisms, for example, fungi or bacteria, with or without impact on the environment.
The benefits of biodegradable films are that they decompose naturally and the end result for the environment is a little less harmful.
One of the prominent benefits of utilising these films is the remarkable reduction in carbon emissions. The process of plastic generation generates carbon as it has been estimated that in the year 2019, approximately 1.81bn tons of greenhouse gas emissions were generated by plastic. Out of which, 90.1% of emissions come from their production. In fact, the conversion of plastic into fossil fuels also generates enormous carbon.
Substituting packaging with biodegradable films helps in reducing carbon emissions. According to research, 90.1% of current plastics can be easily derived or manufactured from plants.
Since these films are made out of natural materials for example, cellulose, starch, and proteins. They break down conveniently into natural substances such as carbon dioxide, biomass, and water.
It has been estimated that it takes 6 months to 1 year in an environment with proper exposure to oxygen.
The initial investment for developing these films might be a little expensive but in the long duration, these films require a lesser amount of energy.
It has been researched in an analysis that approximately 36.1% of all the plastics produced are utilised for the purpose of packaging and about 85.2% of them end up as unregulated waste. While biodegradable films are recyclable cost-efficiently.
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Oil is an imperative ingredient in the manufacturing of conventional plastics. Approximately 8.5% to 10% of the total oil supply goes to making plastic.
When biodegradable material is incorporated while making packaging films it consumes significantly less petroleum.
Some of prominent types of biodegradable films are:
These films are made up of potatoes, wheat, or corn. These starch-based plastics are complex mixtures of starch consisting of compostable plastics for example PBAT, PLA, PCL, PBS, and PHA.
Usually, this form of biodegradable film meets American Standard for Testing Materials for the purpose of composability as it is able to degrade approximately 91% within 180 days under specific situations.
ProsConsThere is no net rise in CO2 emission in the global systemLess mechanical strengthResidual material is compostable and biodegradableLimited shelf lifeThere is prompt degradation of the litter Lesser content of fossil fuelThese types of films are useful in packaging carrier bags, refusal sacks, food films, agricultural films, and mailing films.
Additives can be mixed with conventional polymers to fabricate oxo-degradable to facilitate microbial attack.
Oxodegaradable films are manufactured by mixing an additive within the regular polymers to provide an oxidative. This typically takes 6-8 months in the environment with adequate exposure to oxygen.
ProsConsCheaper than starch-based plasticsDegradation depends on access to airCan be made with standard machineryThese are not designed to degrade in landfillCertified to be non-toxicThe exact degradation rate can be deducedSome of the applications are garbage bags, trash bags, compost bags, mulch bags, and carrier bags. Furthermore, bioplastics can be divided into non bio degradable and biodegradable plastics. The global production capacities of these bioplastics in accordance with the market segment are as follows:
Packaging (Rigid and Flexible): Polypropylene (PP), Polypropylene(PP), cellulose bio polyethylene (PE), Bio polyethylene terephthalate (PET), Polylactic acid (PLA), polybutylene succinate (PBS), and Polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT) 1071 thousand tons. This is the largest industry capacity.
Building and construction: Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and Polypropylene (PP) etc holds 20.8 thousand tones.
Coatings and adhesives: Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), Starch blends, and Polybutylene adipate terephthalate hold 35 thousand tones
Electronics: Cellusolse films, polypropylene(PP), polybutylene succinate (PBS) 57.5 thousand tones hold 57.8 thousand tons
Agriculture & horticulture: Polypropylene (PP), starch blends, polybutylene succinate hold 97.3 thousand tones holds 97.5 thousand tons
Automotive & transport: Poly trimethylene terephthalate (PTT), cellulose films, and Polybutylene(PP) and PBS polybutylene succinate hold 159 hundred tons
Consumer goods: PTT poly trimethylene terephthalate, Cellulose goods, Polypropylene, Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), Polylactic acid (PLA), Polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT) hold 312 thousand tons
According to research, the biodegradable food packaging films market shows the global market is set to exceed $1.4bn by the year 2029. The growth drivers of the market are rising concern for the environment and food safety.
The market in the Asia Pacific region is anticipated to render lucrative opportunities for the market. Other than this, the market in Europe is also projected to occupy a remarkable share of the biodegradable food packaging film market.
In 2022, the capacity of Asia in producing bioplastics was 41.4 billion tons, Europe holds 26.5bn tons, North America holds 18bn tons, Latin America holds 12.61bn tons, and Australia holds 0.5bn tons of capacity.
About the author: Sham Ambhore is part of the media team at Research Nester.
Biodegradable plastics have been advertised as one solution to the plastic pollution problem bedeviling the world, but today’s “compostable” plastic bags, utensils and cup lids don’t break down during typical composting and contaminate other recyclable plastics, creating headaches for recyclers. Most compostable plastics, made primarily of the polyester known as polylactic acid, or PLA, end up in landfills and last as long as forever plastics.
University of California, Berkeley, scientists have now invented a way to make these compostable plastics break down more easily, with just heat and water, within a few weeks, solving a problem that has flummoxed the plastics industry and environmentalists.
“People are now prepared to move into biodegradable polymers for single-use plastics, but if it turns out that it creates more problems than it’s worth, then the policy might revert back,” said Ting Xu , UC Berkeley professor of materials science and engineering and of chemistry. “We are basically saying that we are on the right track. We can solve this continuing problem of single-use plastics not being biodegradable.”
Xu is the senior author of a paper describing the process that will appear in this week’s issue of the journal Nature .
The new technology should theoretically be applicable to other types of polyester plastics, perhaps allowing the creation of compostable plastic containers, which currently are made of polyethylene, a type of polyolefin that does not degrade. Xu thinks that polyolefin plastics are best turned into higher value products, not compost, and is working on ways to transform recycled polyolefin plastics for reuse.
The new process involves embedding polyester-eating enzymes in the plastic as it’s made. These enzymes are protected by a simple polymer wrapping that prevents the enzyme from untangling and becoming useless. When exposed to heat and water, the enzyme shrugs off its polymer shroud and starts chomping the plastic polymer into its building blocks — in the case of PLA, reducing it to lactic acid, which can feed the soil microbes in compost. The polymer wrapping also degrades.
The process eliminates microplastics, a byproduct of many chemical degradation processes and a pollutant in its own right. Up to 98% of the plastic made using Xu’s technique degrades into small molecules.
One of the study’s co-authors, former UC Berkeley doctoral student Aaron Hall , has spun off a company to further develop these biodegradable plastics.
Plastics are designed not to break down during normal use, but that also means they don’t break down after they’re discarded. The most durable plastics have an almost crystal-like molecular structure, with polymer fibers aligned so tightly that water can’t penetrate them, let alone microbes that might chew up the polymers, which are organic molecules.
Xu’s idea was to embed nanoscale polymer-eating enzymes directly in a plastic or other material in a way that sequesters and protects them until the right conditions unleash them. In 2018, she showed how this works in practice. She and her UC Berkeley team embedded in a fiber mat an enzyme that degrades toxic organophosphate chemicals, like those in insecticides and chemical warfare agents. When the mat was immersed in the chemical, the embedded enzyme broke down the organophosphate.
Her key innovation was a way to protect the enzyme from falling apart, which proteins typically do outside of their normal environment, such as a living cell. She designed molecules she called random heteropolymers, or RHPs, that wrap around the enzyme and gently hold it together without restricting its natural flexibility. The RHPs are composed of four types of monomer subunits, each with chemical properties designed to interact with chemical groups on the surface of the specific enzyme. They degrade under ultraviolet light and are present at a concentration of less than 1% of the weight of the plastic — low enough not to be a problem.
For the research reported in the Nature paper, Xu and her team used a similar technique, enshrouding the enzyme in RHPs and embedding billions of these nanoparticles throughout plastic resin beads that are the starting point for all plastic manufacturing. She compares this process to embedding pigments in plastic to color them. The researchers showed that the RHP-shrouded enzymes did not change the character of the plastic, which could be melted and extruded into fibers like normal polyester plastic at temperatures around 170 degrees Celsius, or 338 degrees Fahrenheit.
To trigger degradation, it was necessary only to add water and a little heat. At room temperature, 80% of the modified PLA fibers degraded entirely within about one week. Degradation was faster at higher temperatures. Under industrial composting conditions, the modified PLA degraded within six days at 50 degrees Celsius (122 F). Another polyester plastic, PCL (polycaprolactone), degraded in two days under industrial composting conditions at 40 degrees Celsius (104 F). For PLA, she embedded an enzyme called proteinase K that chews PLA up into molecules of lactic acid; for PCL, she used lipase. Both are inexpensive and readily available enzymes.
“If you have the enzyme only on the surface of the plastic, it would just etch down very slowly,” Xu said. “You want it distributed nanoscopically everywhere so that, essentially, each of them just needs to eat away their polymer neighbors, and then the whole material disintegrates.”
The quick degradation works well with municipal composting, which typically takes 60 to 90 days to turn food and plant waste into usable compost. Industrial composting at high temperatures takes less time, but the modified polyesters also break down faster at these temperatures.
Xu suspects that higher temperatures make the enshrouded enzyme move around more, allowing it to more quickly find the end of a polymer chain and chew it up and then move on to the next chain. The RHP-wrapped enzymes also tend to bind near the ends of polymer chains, keeping the enzymes near their targets.
The modified polyesters do not degrade at lower temperatures or during brief periods of dampness, she said. A polyester shirt made with this process would withstand sweat and washing at moderate temperatures, for example. Soaking in water for three months at room temperature did not cause the plastic to degrade.
Soaking in lukewarm water does lead to degradation, as she and her team demonstrated.
“It turns out that composting is not enough — people want to compost in their home without getting their hands dirty, they want to compost in water,” she said. “So, that is what we tried to see. We used warm tap water. Just warm it up to the right temperature, then put it in, and we see in a few days it disappears.”
Xu is developing RHP-wrapped enzymes that can degrade other types of polyester plastic, but she also is modifying the RHPs so that the degradation can be programmed to stop at a specified point and not completely destroy the material. This might be useful if the plastic were to be remelted and turned into new plastic.
The project is in part supported by the Department of Defense’s Army Research Office, an element of the U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command’s Army Research Laboratory.
“These results provide a foundation for the rational design of polymeric materials that could degrade over relatively short timescales, which could provide significant advantages for Army logistics related to waste management,” said Stephanie McElhinny, Ph.D., program manager with the Army Research Office. “More broadly, these results provide insight into strategies for the incorporation of active biomolecules into solid-state materials, which could have implications for a variety of future Army capabilities, including sensing, decontamination and self-healing materials.”
Xu said that programmed degradation could be the key to recycling many objects. Imagine, she said, using biodegradable glue to assemble computer circuits or even entire phones or electronics, then, when you’re done with them, dissolving the glue so that the devices fall apart and all the pieces can be reused.
“It is good for millennials to think about this and start a conversation that will change the way we interface with Earth,” Xu said. “Look at all the wasted stuff we throw away: clothing, shoes, electronics like cellphones and computers. We are taking things from the earth at a faster rate than we can return them. Don’t go back to Earth to mine for these materials, but mine whatever you have, and then convert it to something else.”
Co-authors of the paper include Christopher DelRe, Yufeng Jiang, Philjun Kang, Junpyo Kwon, Aaron Hall, Ivan Jayapurna, Zhiyuan Ruan, Le Ma, Kyle Zolkin, Tim Li and Robert Ritchie of UC Berkeley; Corinne Scown of Berkeley Lab; and Thomas Russell of the University of Massachusetts in Amherst. The work was funded primarily by the U.S. Department of Energy (DE-AC02-05-CH11231), with assistance from the Army Research Office and UC Berkeley’s Bakar Fellowship program.
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